These electrochemical transducers were being made bio-specific by chemically tethering them with synthetic or natural bio-receptors. graphene/CNTs nanostructures and their surface modifications useful for developing fresh generation of electrochemical nanobiosensors for detecting viral infections. The evaluate also provides potential customers and considerations for extending the graphene/CNTs centered electrochemical transducers into portable and wearable PoC tools that can be useful in avoiding long term outbreaks and pandemics. Keywords: Electrochemical nanobiosensor, Graphene, Carbon nanotubes, Respiratory viruses, Analysis Graphical abstract Open in a separate window 1.?Intro The latest World Health Corporation (WHO) statement revealed over hundreds of million positive instances with millions of deaths occurred worldwide due to lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). The ongoing disease infection of fresh severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) instances reported above 177 million and claimed ~3.84 million deaths as of this review submission. Additional common among the respiratory viruses are Influenza A and B viruses (FluA and FluB), Human being adenovirus (HAdV), and Respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) tend to show more frequent mutations and potentially cause long term pandemics that may surface with the signs and symptoms similar or more severe to that of COVID-19. Babies, children, elderly, and those with pre-existing chronic disease conditions or with jeopardized immune system are more vulnerable to LRTI. These fresh emerging viral variants may cause future morbidity and mortality and present serious danger to public health and the global economy. Quick and early analysis of viral LRTI is the only option to prevent long term outbreak and spread of viruses. Conventional diagnostic methods for detecting viral infections are limited to only detecting viral nucleic acids Motesanib Diphosphate (AMG-706) using PCR or RT-qPCR, which limits in its convenience, assay speed and cost. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the existing diagnostic approaches, tools and techniques to improving or re-purposing for early monitoring and disease prevention. In the last decade, nanotechnology has opened several avenues to improving current diagnostic assays and developing point-of-care products by interfacing with fresh Motesanib Diphosphate (AMG-706) nanomaterials to improve sensitivity and detection rate. Nanomaterials can attach to living cells, viruses, proteins or additional molecules permitting their early detection in a sample, and they simultaneously show unique physico-chemical or electrical properties that make them suitable to address the needs of current difficulties in rapid analysis of infections derived from viruses. With this review, we explored the uses and software of practical nanomaterials in biosensing with unique emphasis to carbon-based nanostructures, including lightweight two-dimensional (2D) graphene and one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that are electrically conductive, chemically stable with large surface-to-volume ratios. These nanomaterials in conjunction with specific bio?/chemical-receptors provide them with improved properties in developing future electrochemical nanobiosensors for PoC detection ability with cost-effectiveness, sensitivity, and fast detection of various respiratory viruses. Further, enhanced sensitivity and specificity for computer virus detection can be achieved through graphene and CNTs’ surface modification via suitable functional groups and/or combination with other materials in hybrid nanostructures. This review covers all the above elements highlighting; (a) key advancement made in functional surface modification of graphene and CNTs toward the development of electrochemical nanobiosensors that can be potentially applied for respiratory computer virus electrochemical detection platforms, (b) current understanding on classical detection methods for respiratory viruses and fabrication processes of graphene, and (c) CNTs interfaced electrochemical biosensors for sensitive detection. Finally, the advantages and future challenges of graphene and CNTs based electrochemical sensor devices. 2.?Respiratory viruses and epidemiology Biosensing of any viral infections requires a thorough understanding of viruses, their mode of transmission or port of entry, and associated diseases caused in humans or other living beings. There are a variety of different portals through which viruses gain entry into the body, such as respiratory tract, gastrointestinal and genital tracts, subcutaneous (skin), placenta and eyes [1]. Most common viral transmission and contamination occurs via the respiratory tract in humans, which is the main portal entry focused in this review. Respiratory viruses are small microorganisms and leading causative brokers of diseases in humans with severe impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide. There have been diverse pathogenic respiratory viruses taking Gpr146 part in both lower and upper Respiratory Tract Infections Motesanib Diphosphate (AMG-706) (LRTI, URTI) that include RSV, influenza viruses, Human Adenovirus (HAdV), Human Rhinovirus (HRV), Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), Human Parainfluenza Computer virus (HPIV), Human Bocavirus (HBoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.